We get a 'voting pass' (meaning a piece of paper) through post, like these:
It states the hours of the elections and in which city you can vote (of course the one you're registered in, if you want to vote in another one you've got to get another document). There's also a mention of the closest polling station near you ("Stemlokaal bij u in de buurt"), but that's just for your convenience, right above it it says that you can vote at any polling station within your city.
When going to vote, you need this pass and your passport, ID card or drivers license. If you don't have some official ID and you don't have your voting pass, you're quite simply not voting. I mean, I guess you can enter a polling station because there's no control at the door or something, but the people working there won't give you a paper with the list of all candidates for you to fill your vote in on.